History of Optometry Essay

Optometrist is the kind of doctor who makes sure that a person’s eyesight is functioning well and that there are no harmful diseases slowly emerging that may later on affect the sight of a person. They are in charge examining a patient’s eyes and gives prescription if it is needed. Like any other healthcare profession, an optometrist should and must have a certification which is a basic requirement before they practice their profession. Optometry is a healthcare profession that is autonomous, educated, and regulated (licensed/registered), and optometrists are the primary healthcare practitioners of the eye and visual system who provide comprehensive eye and vision care, which includes refraction and dispensing, detection/diagnosis and management of disease in the eye, and the rehabilitation of conditions of the visual system. (World Council of Optometry) However, there is a little knowledge about optometry and the emergence of optometrists. It is always associated with medicine, microbiology and physiology to name a few. There is no exact date or specific person who explored on the topic. But in 1886, the term ‘optometrist’ was coined by Landolt which means, â€Å"Glass fitter† or someone who makes and prescribe eyeglasses. Prior to this, there are already persons who call themselves ‘opticians’. Prior to this, there was a distinction between â€Å"dispensing† and â€Å"refracting† opticians in the 19th century. The latter were later called optometrists. (David Goss, History of Optometry, Lecture Handout, Indiana University School of Optometry, 2003) Before, the opticians are those who make glasses for a person but do not exactly know if that pair of glasses will fit the person or not. Or if that pair is the one that will help a person correct his eyesight. More, in the United States, the first school of optometry was founded sometime 1850-1900. Also, in 1940, the use of contact lenses was first established. The development of optometry in the US started way back 1600’s, where the first person to own glasses, Peter Brown who is a Pilgrim introduced the use of such device during the time when there are only a handful of people who knew about the said product. It is said that Peter Brown, a Pilgrim, brought a pair of eyeglasses to North America in 1620 and thus became the first to wear glasses on this continent. There is little known about the use of spectacles in North America for more than another hundred years. (David Goss, History of Optometry, Lecture Handout, Indiana University School of Optometry, 2003) At the onset of the 17th century, there were a number of American optometrists who came to the country to practice the profession. And since the Spectacles then were very expensive, this group of optometrists introduced better and more correct glasses that should be used by the people. Other notable early American optometrists were Benjamin Pike, who came to the US in the early 1800s, and James Prentice, who came to the US in 1847. They both were trained in optics in England, and they both trained their sons. James’ son, Charles Prentice, would have an important role in the development of American optometry. (David Goss, History of Optometry, Lecture Handout, Indiana University School of Optometry, 2003) On the other hand, not all diseases that concern the eye can be cured by an optometrist. Eyesight disease such as macular degeneration or the breakdown of a certain part of the retina to be able to see things clearly, cannot be treated by an optometrist. Rather, the ophthalmologist is the one responsible for its cure. Another is the Diabetic Retinopathy which is sometimes an indication for having diabetes. It is a kind of illness where the retina is being blocked by masses of blood clots that cause irregularities in a person’s eyesight. The most well-known disease that concerns the eye is the cataract – which the optometrist cannot cure as well. It is the work of the ophthalmologist to perform. They are the ones who prescribe supplements, vitamins and other needed medication to the patient. Sometimes, they also perform the surgery to remove the cataract. Among the many diseases that concern the eye, these are the few which is directly handled not by an optometrist but an ophthalmologist. Other diseases such as glaucoma, near/far sightedness can be treated by either an ophthalmologist or an optometrist.

Type-1 Diabetes And Nutrition

NUTRITION AND DIABETES (TYPE-1)The purpose of this paper is to define diabetes and see the impact different factors like breastfeeding and nutrition have on it state.DIABETESDiabetes is a metabolic disorder in which the body is unable to break down insulin, a chemical that the body produces that is responsible to convert sugar, starches and carbohydrates etc in to energy. This results in abnormal sugar production in the body and the patient typically faces the problem of ‘sweet urine’ which is produced excessively. The exact cause of this disease is still unknown as there are a number of hereditary and environmental factors including a low-physical-activity lifestyle and being over weighted.Types of Diabetes:The WHO recognizes three major categories of this disorder according to cause and population distribution as Type 1, Type 2 and Gestational Diabetes. Almost 18.3% of US population is affected by diabetes. Of the affected, only 8-10% of patients have type 1 which is m ore common in children and young adults and the remaining population is reported to be effected by Type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes usually occurs in women immediately after pregnancy. Only 5 to 10% of women report this disorder.Type-1 Diabetes:Type-1 diabetes typically occurs because the body totally fails to produce insulin at all; hence sugar is not converted in to energy and thus the excess sugar disorder. Type 1 diabetes can occur due to several other reasons. Sometimes, it follows viral infections like influenza, mumps etc or polio attacks. Other times it follows injury to, or surgical procedures like removal of, pancreas etc. Common symptoms include increased thirst, fatigue, excess urination, weight loss, yeast infection (affecting the genitals) etcThis state, if not taken good care of, can dangerously lead to other complications in later stages. Type-1 diabetes exposes a patient to the risk of getting various heart, kidney, oral and eye related disorders including the increased risk of suffering with strokes or heart attacks, damaged kidneys, blindness, gum disease, and some skin problems. Diabetic patients are also vulnerable to several neurological complications including acute depression, diabetic neuropathy etc.AFFECT OF BREASTFEEDINGIt is commonly believed that a diabetic mother can't breastfeed her newborn. Research proves otherwise. It's clinically proven that breastfeeding is good for both a breastfeeding mother and the health of the newborn. In fact research has shown that breastfeeding can actually reduce the risk of developing type-1 diabetes in kids [1]. Breastfeeding can actually help mother's body regulate insulin levels and even lose weight. Therefore the necessity to breastfeed should be emphasized over mothers for healthier babies with reduced risks of developing diabetes. Mothers need to take special care of their health and monitor blood glucose level carefully.NUTRITION AND DIABETESThe patients need to regulate the amount of s ugar intake and include exercise in their routine to properly burn fats and carbohydrates. They can take sugar but need to watch its quantity really carefully. A typical diabetic diet consists of 60% calories from carbohydrates, 20% from proteins and 30% from fats.   Patients are advised to talk through the diet in detail with the doctor. Including the right mix of food and nutrition, patients can live healthy and long.ReferencesAmerican Academy for Family of Physicians/ FamilyDoctor.org (2006). Diabetes and Nutrition. Retrieved mar 18th, 2009 from   Ã‚  American Diabetes Association/ diabetes.org (2009). All about diabetes. Retrieved mar 18th, 2009 from Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/ JDRF.org (2009). What is diabetes. Retrieved mar 18th, 2009 from Nagin, Melissa Kotlen (2009). The Diabetic Breastfeeding Mother. New York Times Company/ Retrieved mar 18th, 2009 from   National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse. Diabetes Overview NetDoctor.co.uk/ Dr  Jan Erik  Henri ksen, Dr  Ole. (22.09.2008). Type1 Diabetes. Retrieved mar 18th, 2009 from

Women in Politics

What are the obstacles facing women’s participation in politics and what measures have been introduced to remedy the situation? Choose examples from at least three countries. When our country was constructed in 1776, men had control over most of the significant affairs of this country. It was a drastic notion for women to be involved in anything other than affairs concerning the home and the children. However the feminist movement began the start of females getting involved in politics, as well as all other affairs that only men were including in before.Even though there are an undeniably higher percentage of women in politics today. Women still have to endure more obscurity than men when it comes down to complete acceptance in becoming a true female politician in an other wised male dominated profession. In smaller countries the reproductive element of women was viewed to be very specific and had a more collective importance. Women are always seen as the â€Å"weaker sex. â €  Women were generally viewed as being ambiguous and small-minded when it came to the topic of politics.It is this attitude that has generated apathy from men all over the world, reinforcing the lack of female positions in politics. There is an over whelming difference between view of women in politics from the Philippines, to the UK & down in the Middle East. The game of Politics is the politics of male patronage and personality still dominate the Philippines political landscape. It isn’t likely to disappear anytime soon, but a strategy is in place with steps to change toward a direction where women will have a stronger influence in Philippine mainly about power and control.Within the context of Philippine politics, women have not conventionally been given the ability to be keepers of that power in the Philippine politics. How far these steps are taken depends on the decisions of those in power. In addition, the people of the Philippines must support those women that hav e decided to run. While there has been a considerable improvement in women’s involvement in politics and government, many women are still delayed from implementing their right to participate. Although, there have been a few measures set in place to increase female participation, there has yet to be a true implementation.In 1995, former President Fidel Ramos signed into law Executive Order No. 273, also known as the Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive Development 1995-2025 (PPGD). This law takes off where the Philippine Development Plan for Women (PDPW) left off after its four-year mandate expired in 1992. â€Å"It is the government’s 30-year framework for pursuing gender equality and development (Stiftung 4). † Lastly, Filipino women must make a conscious effort fight against the typical stereotype. They need to work together to form a stronger political and economic stance that would be noticed by others (especially their male counterparts).It’s all ab out working toward an equal level of social equality. A breakthrough in the recognition of the contribution of women can be found in Section 14, Article II of the Constitution, which provides that â€Å"The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building, and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men. † This provision is cognizant of the contribution of women in the overall life of the country, and thus is supposed to signify the State’s support in pursuing the general development of its female constituents (womeninpolitics. rg). This statement was made, but no one truly acted on it. Looking at the United Kingdom, each party is responsible for encouraging women into politics. The Government itself does not consider it would be correct to make such an action required in order to increase the number of women elected. The Government believes that each political party should decide for themselves whether they wish to increase the number of women candidates standing for election in/for their party. If they wish to do so, they must figure out how to achieve this increase.The Government has however legislated so that each party can legally use positive measures for this purpose. One of the most profound acts to facilitate progress towards increasing women’s representation in government was the Sex Discrimination (Election Candidates) Act of 2002. It was introduced to remove domestic legal barriers from the 1975 Act and equivalent to the Northern Ireland Order. This solidified stipulations for political parties wishing to adopt positive measures to reduce inequality between the numbers of men and women elected.This act of legislation covers elections to the House of Commons, the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, the Northern Ireland Assembly, the European Parliament and local government elections (excluding directly elected mayors and community councils in Scotland). However, women in the Middl e East often suffer from very sensitive and complicated political, social and cultural conditions that restrict their ability to easily engage in the political arena. Many women are encouraged turn away from political participation to avoid controversy.Traditional religious interpretation sometimes restricts female participation in public life, or literally prevents them from mixing with men or assuming public posts. There is also the family element to think about, with women still customarily responsible for household duties. A life in politics would not be deemed as the best professional choice. In the Middle East women are often viewed as less experienced in public affairs. As a result, voters (both male and female) are less likely to vote for a woman on the ballot.Consequently, women either refrain from running for political office or drop out early from a lack of local support. There is one means of improving women's participation in politic through a quota system. This system allocates a percentage of seats for women. In countries where such measures have been adopted, such as Tunisia, Iraq and Jordan, we see more women in politics Despite obstacles, women are showing that they are equally capable of being politicians. That is why the percentage of women in the politics is continually rising.Works Cited Gumba, Romy Fay. â€Å"Philippines. † http://www. onlinewomenin politics. org/phil/fes-ph. pdf. 3 Nov 2001 Iraq Updates. â€Å"Where are the Women in Middle East Politics? † http://www. iraqupdates. com/p_articles. php /article/24281. 23 Nov 2007 Stiftung, Friedrich Ebert. â€Å"FES Young Women’s’ Leaders Network Conference. † Bangkok, Thailand. 4 Nov 2000 Women in Politics. â€Å"Women's Representation in Politics† http://www. womenandequalityunit. gov. uk/public_life/parliament. htm. 19 Nov 06

My majer is Safety mangmant Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

My majer is Safety mangmant - Research Paper Example This paper explores the practice of I/O psychology aimed at understanding how it can improve human welfare in workplaces. The paper offers goes from outlining a brief history of I/O psychology to exploring how it has been applied in improving HRM and effect it has on workers welfare and hence organization productivity. To this end, the paper offers an account of the existing literature and links the literature to improving human welfare at workplaces. Introduction The history of Industrial Organizational psychology is rooted in a confluence of precursors from philosophy, science and psychology (Koppes&Pickren, 2007). It is a branch involving the practice of theories and practices of psychology to industrial and organizational environments. Levy (2013) says that the I/O psychology serves to access, measure, and offer workforce motivation as well as enhance leadership, employee-employer relations, and job attitudes. Rogeelberg (2007) similarly notes that the goal of I/O psychology is t o better understand and ensure the effectiveness, well being, and health of both the workers and organizations. Industrial-organization psychology may be defined as the psychology of scientific study of human behavior at workplace or simply the study of behavior at work (Vuulen, 2010). Industrial-Organizational psychology has been a focus of study for many since it emerged in the 1900s. The real essence of the emergence of the I/O psychology was an attempt to improve job productivity and the quality of lives at workplaces. The new branch of Psychology aimed at solving practical problems at workplaces (Vuulen, 2010). Industrial- Organizational psychology is a double faceted principle aimed at enhancing organizational performance by addressing effective workers performance at contributing to human welfare at workplaces. Relevance of Industrial-Organizational Psychology at work place Most employed people spend a substantial amount of his time at workplaces and therefore the work enviro nment should consider the welfare of the workers, which greatly affects their quality of life. The realization of this fact has led to a rapid of I/O specialty in North America as well as throughout the industrialized world at large (Spector, 2003). Organizations are seeking the services of specialists who can comprehend and assess the human resource behavior to improve the job satisfaction of their workers and thus productivity. Since its inception the Industrial and Organizational psychology has continued to transform the way organization are run and the values that are important in a work environment. The I/O psychology itself has undergone some metamorphism to what it is today under the influence of scientific management, ergonomics and human relations. Human relations is a management approach that has evolved more recently which stresses on the workers and managers’ psychological characteristics underlining the importance of factors such as humane treatment of workers, m orale, attitude and values (Cameron 2007, quoted in Cengage Learning, n.d.). Traditionally work was viewed primarily as a means to cover one’s economic needs, a perception that has changed with the human relation management approach that demands workplaces to be run as a social system. Positive interpersonal

What efforts have governments in Korea made to reform the chaebol Essay

What efforts have governments in Korea made to reform the chaebol since the mid 1990s - Essay Example Over the past two decades its annual growth rate in terms of gross national product (GNP) has been 9% and exports have increased 30%--the highest increase and growth rate in the world for that time span. By achieving $70 billion annually in exports, with a surplus in ordinary balance of more than $9 billion a year, Korea is now among the worlds top ten exporters. Today, Koreas per-capita income has reached $5,000--up from a meager $82 in 1961 (Chan Sup Chang, 1988). It is clear that strong leadership, sound economic planning by the government and the prodigious productivity of Koreas workers are important elements in this remarkable economic boom. As one Japanese executive said, "The Koreans are the only people who still work hard." Skilled and diligent workers have been an especially important driving force behind economic success (Ihlwan, 1998). According to the International Labour Organization, the Korean work week averages 54.4 hours--the highest in the world. However, the real catalysts in Koreas economic success have been the efforts of the private business sector, especially those of the chaebols (Korean conglomerates or financial cliques). The Bank of Korea reports that the total earnings of Koreas top 30 chaebols will reach $200 billion--about 95% of the nations GNP--in the 1990s. Clearly, the state of the Korean economy reflects the success of the chaebols; as a result, these groups have piqued international interest. In this article we shall examine the corporate values and strategies unique to chaebols. Korean chaebols--e.g., Hyundai, Samsung, and Lucky-Goldstar--emerged as major corporations during the late 1950s. The formation and growth of such conglomerates accelerated between the early 1960s (e.g., Hanjin, Korea Explosive, Hyosung, Ssangyong, and Dong-A) and the early 1970s (e.g., Daewoo, Sunkyong, Lotte, Kolon, and Doosan). Korean chaebols are often compared to

Arduino Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arduino - Literature review Example The microcontroller board applied in the design of the Arduino enables writing of programs by linking several physical output functions of the computer including switches and motors (Arduino n.d, para.2). The hardware of the electronic component is programmed using libraries and syntax, more like C++. The microprocessor board that enables programming in Arduino platforms applies simple multimedia integration conditions as discussed in the section below. There is a variety of Arduino platforms, usually released upon the advancement of design and development. Some of these Arduino microcontroller products include Arduino Duemilanove, Arduino Flo, Arduino Bluetooth, Arduino Mega2560, Arduino Uno, Arduino Nano, Arduino Extreme, Arduino Mini, Arduino NG, Arduino Decimila, Arduino Mega, and Lilypad Arduino. Notable differences across the different forms of the Arduino products include size, height, number of pins, price and compatibility that vary across the products list. Generally, the input shields accompanying the Arduino also define the design and number of input/output (I/O) pins that the product has. The latest versions of the Arduino such as the Uno have a higher compatibility level with respect to pins and shield connectivity than the earlier ones. The means of achieving connectivity changes with higher advancement across the versions, with the use of USB or bluetooth illustrating the level of advancement for the various types o f Arduino. Despite the availability of several other microprocessor platforms in the market today, Arduino stands alone in offering effective results at favorable conditions that end users may prefer when compared to others. Some of the other microcontrollers similar in functionality to Arduino include Parallax Basic Stamp, BX-24 (by Netmedia) and Handyboard (by MIT) among many more. One of the advantages of using Arduino microcontroller is the fact that it is open source which significantly

Should SDSu student use ADHD drug to help them study Essay

Should SDSu student use ADHD drug to help them study - Essay Example On the other hand, there are students who abuse these drugs by taking them even though they do not have the condition. This is very common among students who have high expectations to excel. Despite the significant risks associated with ADHD drugs, some students take them without proper medical advice in order to cope with high expectations and academic standards. Even for students with ADHD, the drugs only improve concentration and attention but do not help when it comes to studying. Preliminary investigations show that the primary motive as to why students take ADHD drugs is for study help. Since ADHD drugs are one of the most abused drugs among students, the current paper examines whether SDSu students should use these drugs. Using ethical and logical (health concerns) arguments, we argue that only students with special needs, having been examined by relevant specialists, should be allowed to take ADHD drugs. Application of Appeal of Logic Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was originally believed to be a pediatric condition. Children who suffer from ADHD continue experiencing the symptoms even in adulthood. Adderall is the most common prescribed drug for students with ADHD, with Ritalin and Dexedrine. . ADHD stimulant is a legal drug as compared to other illegal drugs sold on the street. When one buys these drugs, it is evident that dirty druggies like those who prepare cocaine do not prepare the drug. Therefore, SDSu students with special needs should use ADHD drugs because most people trust the drug’s medical founding. It is quite evident that medical experts would not deceive the public about the ADHD stimulant quality. ADHD drugs are perceived to be stimulants because they expand dopamine in the brain. There has been an increase in the consumption of ADHD stimulants in the United States of America that is, individuals’ expenditure on these drugs rose from 83% to 90% from the year 1993 to 2003. The increase in consumption of th ese drugs does not only apply in United States but also the rest of the world. Usually, students use these drugs to curb exam pressures since sleepiness and fatigue makes it hard for students to study. However, students use these drugs not necessarily to score high but to concentrate during study. In addition, using the ADHD stimulants is not legal because Adderall is a controllable stimulant just like cocaine (Oremus, 2013). Application of Appeal of Emotion Research indicates that some students take ADHD stimulants for the right reason. Students use these stimulants to encourage positive outcomes: good and high grades. For instance, Oremus (2013) explains that these drugs allow one to hold attention for long hours when performing a task. The stimulants also increase individuals’ ability to remember, multitask, and to be faster in handling activities. Crusius and Channell (2010) claims that taking ADHD drug helps students think better and perform successfully and professional ly in schoolwork. However, ADHD drug is for individuals who want success in their work towards achieving their goals. According to Oremus, (2013), Cambridge undergraduate students who employ ADHD drugs in their studies and their consumption has resulted to enhancements such as recollecting of information within a short duration and planning capabilities. If a student wants to experience a